By David M. Litman
Earlier this year, the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression published a piece explaining its opposition to the legislative adoption of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance’s working definition of antisemitism.
Unfortunately, FIRE’s position appears to be based on an understanding of the IHRA definition that is directly contradicted by what the definition actually says.
Writing in the context of the American Association of University Professors’ statement opposing the adoption of the definition by the state of Florida, FIRE states, “While the AAUP consistently opposes legislation restricting how race and sex can be taught on college campuses, its opposition to legislation that defines anti-Semitism to include any criticism of Israel is a new and welcome development” (emphasis original).
The claim that any criticism of Israel is considered antisemitic under the IHRA definition is false. The definition itself makes this very clear. In part, it reads, “Manifestations might include the targeting of the State of Israel, conceived as a Jewish collectivity. However, criticism of Israel similar to that leveled against any other country cannot be regarded as anti-Semitic” (emphasis added). The Florida law adopting the definition includes virtually identical language.
As the IHRA further explains, the “overall context” of a statement about Israel must be taken into consideration when assessing whether it crosses into the realm of antisemitism.
This is simple common sense. For example, a 2006 Supreme Court case, Ash v. Tyson Foods, Inc., involved the question of whether a decisionmaker’s reference to two Black employees as “boy” was evidence of discriminatory intent. The Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit wrote, “While the use of ‘boy’ when modified by a racial classification like ‘black’ or ‘white’ is evidence of discriminatory intent, the use of ‘boy’ alone is not evidence of discrimination.”
The Supreme Court reversed the Eleventh Circuit, holding, “Although it is true the disputed word will not always be evidence of racial animus, it does not follow that the term, standing alone, is always benign. The speaker’s meaning may depend on various factors, including context, inflection, tone of voice, local custom and historical usage. Insofar as the Court of Appeals held that modifiers or qualifications are necessary in all instances to render the disputed term probative of bias, the court’s decision is erroneous.”
Similarly, under the IHRA definition, references to Israel are not always evidence of antisemitism, but it does not follow that references to Israel will always be benign. This is what the definition recognizes and addresses.
For example, when “criticism” of Israel takes the form of typical antisemitic tropes, like depicting Israeli soldiers drinking the blood of non-Jews or harvesting their organs, that is not legitimate criticism. It’s simply repackaging the blood libel and applying it to the Jewish collective that is Israel.
When “criticism” of Israel holds that a Jewish state shouldn’t exist, but no objection is made to the existence of any other nation-state in the world, that is not legitimate criticism. It’s applying a double standard on the basis of Israel’s Jewish character.
The IHRA definition recognizes that antisemitism has evolved over many centuries. As the late Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks once said, “In the Middle Ages, Jews were hated because of their religion. In the 19th and early 20th century they were hated because of their race. Today they are hated because of their nation-state, the State of Israel. It takes different forms, but it remains the same thing: The view that Jews have no right to exist as free and equal human beings.”
FIRE has played an important and admirable role in American society, standing up for one of our most important democratic values. It’s perplexing that the group’s position on the IHRA definition rests on an obvious factual error.
Hopefully, the organization will issue a correction. Efforts to protect our freedom of speech and expression should be based on an honest discussion of what is and isn’t at stake. JE
David M. Litman is a media and education research analyst at the Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting and Analysis, or CAMERA.
